Aarish, 15, sits on a hospital bed in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. A pair of dark glasses hides a painful injury in his left eye. His cornea was damaged a week ago when an improvised firecracker device that he bought to celebrate the Diwali festival exploded near his face, causing him to lose vision in one eye. He has undergone emergency surgery and his doctor says only time will tell how much sight he can regain.
The teenager, who doesn't go to school, says he's most worried about missing work - his father works as a gardener and Aarish repairs televisions to supplement the family income. Child labour is illegal in India, but millions of children work. Indian law allows children above 14 years to work in some industries which are seen as non-hazardous.
Aarish is among hundreds of children and young adults from at least five states across northern India who have suffered serious eye injuries from using the same kind of device - called carbide guns - during Diwali.
The carbide gun, a rudimentary device using calcium carbide in a plastic pipe, gives dramatic results - a loud blast that sounds like a gunshot, accompanied by fiery sparks. But the explosion is unpredictable and often delayed - officials told the BBC that many of the injuries occurred when children peeked inside the pipe to check just as the blast happened.
The sale and purchase of calcium carbide is regulated in India, but farmers and shopkeepers often use it to artificially ripen fruit. Police officials also say the crude guns are sometimes used to scare away animals from fields.
Many in India had not heard of these guns until last week, when a spate of injuries was reported after Diwali. Officials said these devices began flooding local markets in northern India after viral social media videos showed them being used as firecrackers.
More than 100 cases of carbide gun-related eye injuries have been reported in Madhya Pradesh's Bhopal district alone, with at least 15 requiring surgery. Another 100 cases have been reported from three other districts. In Bihar state, 170 cases have been reported, with 40 requiring surgery, says Dr. Bibhuti Prassan Sinha, who heads the Regional Institute of Ophthalmology in Patna city. The actual numbers are likely to be higher, he added.
Cases have also been reported from the states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh, as well as the capital Delhi. Some states, including Madhya Pradesh, have now banned the use of carbide guns as firecrackers, and several sellers have been arrested.
Kavitha Kumar, head of ophthalmology at Hamidia Hospital in Bhopal, states that patients have been coming in with mild, moderate, and severe eye injuries. In milder cases, the skin on the eye and around it has sustained chemical injuries and thermal burns. In moderate cases, chemical particulate matter has caused mild damage to the cornea, and in severe cases, there's extensive damage to the cornea, causing temporary vision loss. With surgery, the patient may be able to regain their sight over time.
Dr. Aditi Dubey from Hamidia Hospital expressed shock at the severity of the injuries and mentioned that she had never seen chemical injuries caused by Diwali firecrackers and had to research what carbide guns were.
Patients reported purchasing the gun after seeing it on Instagram Reels and YouTube videos. An attractive aspect was the price - at 150-200 rupees ($1.70-$2; £1.28-£1.70) per piece, it was a relatively cheap firecracker that promised a big impact.
A search for the term carbide gun on Instagram and YouTube reveals dozens of videos of young people making and using these devices, often accompanied by rap music. Some accounts have also termed these videos science experiments with hashtags like useful project and experiment video.
Dr. Sinha mentioned that one of his patients, an engineering student, made the gun at home after watching such videos. He is currently being treated after losing vision in one of his eyes.
Calcium carbide is a regulated substance in India - its possession, use, and manufacturing are controlled by law because of its harmful effects and potential for abuse. When it comes in contact with water, it produces acetylene gas, which is highly flammable and harmful to health.
Under the Calcium Carbide Rules, 1987, a licence is needed for its sale, purchase, and storage - but only for quantities above 200kg. A government official in Bhopal noted that calcium carbide is still widely used to artificially ripen fruit despite a federal ban as it contains traces of poisonous substances.
Harinarayanachari Mishra, Police Commissioner of Bhopal, remarked that carbide guns are commonly used in northern India during wedding festivities and by farmers to drive away monkeys. Dr. Partha Biswas, president of the All India Ophthalmological Society, urgently calls for a ban on carbide guns, emphasizing it's a national problem that requires immediate attention. The seriousness of these incidents shouldn’t be minimized as mere accidents that occur during the Diwali festival. He expressed concern for potential future use of these guns as firecrackers during other festivals and events.
Back at Hamidia Hospital, Alzain, whose left eye was operated on after losing his vision, sits inside the tight embrace of his mother. The seven-year-old had pleaded with his uncle to buy the gun after watching videos online. His worried mother, Afreen, has not left his bedside since he was admitted a week ago, voicing her fears for his future.
The teenager, who doesn't go to school, says he's most worried about missing work - his father works as a gardener and Aarish repairs televisions to supplement the family income. Child labour is illegal in India, but millions of children work. Indian law allows children above 14 years to work in some industries which are seen as non-hazardous.
Aarish is among hundreds of children and young adults from at least five states across northern India who have suffered serious eye injuries from using the same kind of device - called carbide guns - during Diwali.
The carbide gun, a rudimentary device using calcium carbide in a plastic pipe, gives dramatic results - a loud blast that sounds like a gunshot, accompanied by fiery sparks. But the explosion is unpredictable and often delayed - officials told the BBC that many of the injuries occurred when children peeked inside the pipe to check just as the blast happened.
The sale and purchase of calcium carbide is regulated in India, but farmers and shopkeepers often use it to artificially ripen fruit. Police officials also say the crude guns are sometimes used to scare away animals from fields.
Many in India had not heard of these guns until last week, when a spate of injuries was reported after Diwali. Officials said these devices began flooding local markets in northern India after viral social media videos showed them being used as firecrackers.
More than 100 cases of carbide gun-related eye injuries have been reported in Madhya Pradesh's Bhopal district alone, with at least 15 requiring surgery. Another 100 cases have been reported from three other districts. In Bihar state, 170 cases have been reported, with 40 requiring surgery, says Dr. Bibhuti Prassan Sinha, who heads the Regional Institute of Ophthalmology in Patna city. The actual numbers are likely to be higher, he added.
Cases have also been reported from the states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh, as well as the capital Delhi. Some states, including Madhya Pradesh, have now banned the use of carbide guns as firecrackers, and several sellers have been arrested.
Kavitha Kumar, head of ophthalmology at Hamidia Hospital in Bhopal, states that patients have been coming in with mild, moderate, and severe eye injuries. In milder cases, the skin on the eye and around it has sustained chemical injuries and thermal burns. In moderate cases, chemical particulate matter has caused mild damage to the cornea, and in severe cases, there's extensive damage to the cornea, causing temporary vision loss. With surgery, the patient may be able to regain their sight over time.
Dr. Aditi Dubey from Hamidia Hospital expressed shock at the severity of the injuries and mentioned that she had never seen chemical injuries caused by Diwali firecrackers and had to research what carbide guns were.
Patients reported purchasing the gun after seeing it on Instagram Reels and YouTube videos. An attractive aspect was the price - at 150-200 rupees ($1.70-$2; £1.28-£1.70) per piece, it was a relatively cheap firecracker that promised a big impact.
A search for the term carbide gun on Instagram and YouTube reveals dozens of videos of young people making and using these devices, often accompanied by rap music. Some accounts have also termed these videos science experiments with hashtags like useful project and experiment video.
Dr. Sinha mentioned that one of his patients, an engineering student, made the gun at home after watching such videos. He is currently being treated after losing vision in one of his eyes.
Calcium carbide is a regulated substance in India - its possession, use, and manufacturing are controlled by law because of its harmful effects and potential for abuse. When it comes in contact with water, it produces acetylene gas, which is highly flammable and harmful to health.
Under the Calcium Carbide Rules, 1987, a licence is needed for its sale, purchase, and storage - but only for quantities above 200kg. A government official in Bhopal noted that calcium carbide is still widely used to artificially ripen fruit despite a federal ban as it contains traces of poisonous substances.
Harinarayanachari Mishra, Police Commissioner of Bhopal, remarked that carbide guns are commonly used in northern India during wedding festivities and by farmers to drive away monkeys. Dr. Partha Biswas, president of the All India Ophthalmological Society, urgently calls for a ban on carbide guns, emphasizing it's a national problem that requires immediate attention. The seriousness of these incidents shouldn’t be minimized as mere accidents that occur during the Diwali festival. He expressed concern for potential future use of these guns as firecrackers during other festivals and events.
Back at Hamidia Hospital, Alzain, whose left eye was operated on after losing his vision, sits inside the tight embrace of his mother. The seven-year-old had pleaded with his uncle to buy the gun after watching videos online. His worried mother, Afreen, has not left his bedside since he was admitted a week ago, voicing her fears for his future.
