Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin, or JNIM, continues to amplify its influence as a primary jihadist force in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger, worsening the security crisis in the Sahel region and challenging existing military regimes.
The Rise of JNIM: A Closer Look at Africa's Most Lethal Militant Group

The Rise of JNIM: A Closer Look at Africa's Most Lethal Militant Group
An examination of the factors that have propelled the al-Qaeda affiliate JNIM to prominence in West Africa and its impact on regional stability.
JNIM, an affiliate of al-Qaeda, has emerged as one of the most lethal militant groups in Africa, driving a surge in violent jihadist activities across several West African nations, primarily Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. The group, which claimed responsibility for a significant coordinated assault on multiple military positions in western Mali in early July, poses a growing concern for the stability of the Sahel region.
Formed in 2017, JNIM emerged as a coalition of five militant groups seeking to unify under a common cause after French military forces disrupted jihadist operations in northern Mali. At its helm is Iyad Ag Ghali, a former Malian diplomat, with a background in the Tuareg uprising, and alongside him, Amadou Koufa represents the Fulani community in leadership roles. The group's vast network reportedly includes thousands of fighters, many of whom are young men driven into militancy by economic despair in one of the world's poorest regions.
JNIM rejects the authority of Sahel governments, imposing a rigid interpretation of Islam characterized by enforced dress codes, prohibitions on music, and restrictions on women's movement. Though these practices are often at odds with local customs, they can gain traction in areas disillusioned by ineffective governance and a failing secular justice system.
Geographically, JNIM has expanded swiftly from its origins in Mali, establishing operations in Burkina Faso’s northern and eastern regions and launching attacks in neighboring countries, including Benin and Togo. Recent statistics show an alarming increase in attacks attributed to JNIM, which executed over 280 assaults in Burkina Faso alone during the first half of 2025, leading to nearly 1,000 fatalities over a few months, predominantly targeting security forces.
The group's operations are not only expanding in frequency but also in their sophistication. JNIM employs advanced tactics like improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and has utilized satellite-based internet to optimize communication and coordination of their attacks.
Funding for JNIM is multifaceted, relying on a combination of taxation, extortion, cattle theft, and former kidnapping for ransom schemes. Recent reports suggest that they might be generating millions of dollars through these illicit activities.
Counterinsurgency efforts by Sahelian nations and international forces like France have so far proven ineffective. The formation of the G5 Sahel Task Force in 2014, aimed at combatting such groups, has seen diminishing success due to the withdrawal of critical military support from Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger.
The political landscape has dramatically changed with a series of military coups in these countries, creating an environment ripe for JNIM’s rise. Juntas have often failed to address governance issues, which has allowed militant groups to capitalize on weak institutions. This inability to govern effectively has sparked resentment among civilians and fueled further recruitment for groups like JNIM.
As the situation worsens, international and local efforts to curb JNIM's burgeoning influence must address not only the military dimension but also the underlying political and socio-economic grievances that empower this dangerous group.